| 对比事项 | 中国法 | 欧盟法 | 美国法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 核心机制 | CSDDD 第 5-7 条识别、评估、终止、预防、补救负面影响 | UFLPA可反驳推定 + 清晰且令人信服的举证 | 出口管制法 + 反外国制裁法最终用户/用途审查 + 遵守域外规则的边界 |
| 义务对象 | 欧盟企业 + 在欧营业额达标的第三国企业分阶段适用 | 进口商向美国进口商品者 | 出口经营者从中国出口物项者 |
| 供应商合同要点 | 审计权 + 整改期 + 终止权CSDDD 要求能实际影响商业伙伴 | 原产地/劳工记录通关举证材料 | 最终用户承诺不转售/不改变用途 |
| 商品禁售 | 强迫劳动条例涉强迫劳动商品禁止投放欧盟市场 | UFLPA 暂扣/扣押CBP 可扣留推定商品 | 无统一禁售按管制清单逐项判断 |
| 违规后果 | CSDDD 处罚 + 民事责任成员国执行机制 | 货物扣押 + 声誉通关受阻 | 行政处罚 + 合同无效风险遵守外国歧视性措施的可能后果 |
表中法名与条号均可在下方「法条原文索引」展开核对;标注「无统一联邦法」的领域,美国侧为部门法或州法拼补,这是真实差异而非资料缺失。
这三个法域给出的压力方向不同,但都汇到同一个动作:供应商合同必须重写。欧盟 CSDDD 要求企业识别、评估并在必要时终止、补救供应链上的负面影响——没有审计权和退出权,义务无法履行;美国 UFLPA 下,没有原产地和劳工记录,货物在海关就会被推定拦截;中国出口管制法要求最终用户和最终用途承诺——没有这些条款,物项出境就有合规缺口。
一个常见的错位是「用欧盟标准做全球问卷,但不改合同」。问卷只是信息收集,真正让义务可履行的是合同条款:审计权、记录保存义务、分包限制、违约退出条件。CSDDD 传导到中国供应商的典型路径,就是欧盟大客户把新条款加进采购合同。
对中国出海制造商,最现实的优先级是:先满足美国 UFLPA 的通关举证(原产地证明、劳工合规记录),再应对欧盟大客户的 CSDDD 问卷与条款,同时确保出口环节的最终用户/用途文件齐备。三者共用一套供应商数据,一次建设三处受益。
国家对管制物项的出口实行许可制度。出口管制清单所列管制物项或者临时管制物项,出口经营者应当向国家出口管制管理部门申请许可。出口管制清单所列管制物项以及临时管制物项之外的货物、技术和服务,出口经营者知道或者应当知道,或者得到国家出口管制管理部门通知,相关货物、技术和服务可能存在以下风险的,应当向国家出口管制管理部门申请许可:(一)危害国家安全和利益;(二)被用于设计、开发、生产或者使用大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具;(三)被用于恐怖主义目的。出口经营者无法确定拟出口的货物、技术和服务是否属于本法规定的管制物项,向国家出口管制管理部门提出咨询的,国家出口管制管理部门应当及时答复。
任何组织和个人均不得执行或者协助执行外国国家对我国公民、组织采取的歧视性限制措施。组织和个人违反前款规定,侵害我国公民、组织合法权益的,我国公民、组织可以依法向人民法院提起诉讼,要求其停止侵害、赔偿损失。
Article 5 Article 5 Due diligence 1.Member States shall ensure that companies conduct risk-based human rights and environmental due diligence as laid down in Articles 7 to 16 (‘due diligence’) by carrying out the following actions: (a)integrating due diligence into their policies and risk management systems in accordance with Article 7; (b)identifying and assessing actual or potential adverse impa
Article 7 Article 7 Integrating due diligence into company policies and risk management systems 1.Member States shall ensure that companies integrate due diligence into all their relevant policies and risk management systems and have in place a due diligence policy that ensures risk-based due diligence. 2.The due diligence policy referred to in paragraph 1 shall be developed in prior consultation
Article 3 shall be submitted via the single information submission point by any natural or legal person or any association that does not have a legal personality. Submissions of information shall contain information on the economic operators or products concerned, provide the reasons and evidence substantiating the alleged violations, and where possible, supporting documents. The Commission may ad
apply a presumption that, with respect to any goods, wares, articles, and merchandise mined, produced, or manufactured wholly or in part in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China or produced by an entity on a list required by clause (i), (ii), (iv) or (v) of section 2(d)(2)(B)-- (1) the importation of such goods, wares, articles, and merchandise is prohibited under
ECCN) on the CCL are covered by the Country Chart in part 738 of the EAR. That part identifies the limited number of entries that are not included on the Chart. These ECCNs will state the specific countries that require a license or refer you to a self-contained section, i.e., Short Supply in part 754 of the EAR, or Embargoes in part 746 of the EAR. If a license is required, you should consult par
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