| 对比事项 | 中国法 | 欧盟法 | 美国法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 格式条款 | 民法典第 496-498 条提示义务 + 不利解释 + 无效情形 | UCTD不公平条款对消费者不具约束力 | UCC 2-302显失公平可撤销；2-207 冲突条款 |
| 违约金/赔偿 | 民法典第 584-585 条可证明损失 + 过高可请求调减 | Late Payment Directive法定迟延利息 | UCC 2-708/2-713市场价差额规则 |
| 争议解决 | 仲裁法 + 民诉法仲裁条款有效排除法院管辖 | Brussels I-bis欧盟内管辖统一规则，仲裁有专门排除 | FAA Section 2仲裁协议广泛可执行，司法极少干预 |
| 适用法选择 | 涉外民事关系法律适用法当事人意思自治为原则 | Rome I 第 3 条自由选择，消费者/雇佣场景受限 | 冲突法各州不同多按当事人选择 + 重大联系 |
| 电子合同 | 电子签名法可靠电子签名与纸质同等效力 | eIDAS欧盟电子身份与信任服务框架 | ESIGN Act / UETA电子记录与签名效力 |
| 政府采购合同 | 政府采购法程序法定，合同条款受限制 | Public Procurement Directives欧盟采购规则 | FAR Part 52法定必备条款嵌入合同 |
表中法名与条号均可在下方「法条原文索引」展开核对；标注「无统一联邦法」的领域，美国侧为部门法或州法拼补，这是真实差异而非资料缺失。
违约金条款是三地实务差异最明显的地方之一。中国民法典第 585 条允许违约方请求调减过高的违约金，法官有较大裁量；美国惩罚性违约金条款常被认定为无效的罚金条款；欧盟晚付款指令则直接给法定利息。同一份「逾期付款每日 5%」的条款，在中国可能被调减，在美国可能直接被否。
仲裁条款的选择比适用法更值得花时间。美国 FAA 第 2 节对仲裁协议的执行非常强力，欧盟内部仲裁排除在 Brussels I-bis 之外另按纽约公约执行，中国仲裁法下有效仲裁条款排除法院管辖。但「在哪仲裁、用什么规则、能不能临时仲裁」的组合，决定了执行成本。
政府采购与受监管行业的合同要注意法定条款嵌入：美国 FAR Part 52 要求特定条款必须写入政府合同，中国政府采购法对合同变更和程序有法定要求——这类合同的自由约定空间比商事合同小得多，用商事模板套政府合同是常见错误。
格式条款是当事人为了重复使用而预先拟定，并在订立合同时未与对方协商的条款。 采用格式条款订立合同的，提供格式条款的一方应当遵循公平原则确定当事人之间的权利和义务，并采取合理的方式提示对方注意免除或者减轻其责任等与对方有重大利害关系的条款，按照对方的要求，对该条款予以说明。提供格式条款的一方未履行提示或者说明义务，致使对方没有注意或者理解与其有重大利害关系的条款的，对方可以主张该条款不成为合同的内容。
当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定，造成对方损失的，损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失，包括合同履行后可以获得的利益；但是，不得超过违约一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违约可能造成的损失。
原文摘录暂缺，以官方公布文本为准。
Article 3(3) of the 1980 Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations(7) (the Rome Convention), the wording of this Regulation is aligned as far as possible with Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 864/2007. (16)To contribute to the general objective of this Regulation, legal certainty in the European judicial area, the conflict-of-law rules should be highly foreseeable. The courts sho
Article 7 A person domiciled in a Member State may be sued in another Member State: (1)(a)in matters relating to a contract, in the courts for the place of performance of the obligation in question; (b)for the purpose of this provision and unless otherwise agreed, the place of performance of the obligation in question shall be: —in the case of the sale of goods, the place in a Member State where,
Article 3 1.A contractual term which has not been individually negotiated shall be regarded as unfair if, contrary to the requirement of good faith, it causes a significant imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations arising under the contract, to the detriment of the consumer. 2.A term shall always be regarded as not individually negotiated where it has been drafted in advance and the consum
2-302. Unconscionable contract or Clause. § 2-303. Allocation or Division of Risks. § 2-304. Price Payable in Money, Goods, Realty, or Otherwise. § 2-305. Open Price Term. § 2-306. Output, Requirements and Exclusive Dealings. § 2-307. Delivery in Single Lot or Several Lots. § 2-308. Absence of Specified Place for Delivery. § 2-309. Absence of Specific Time Provisions; Notice of Termination. § 2-31
Section 2 - Validity, irrevocability, and enforcement of agreements to arbitrate A written provision in any maritime transaction or a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract or transaction, or the refusal to perform the whole or any part thereof, or an agreement in writing to submit to arbitration an existi
本页为法规条文对照，仅供参考，不构成法律意见。法规以官方公布版本为准，重大事项请咨询执业律师。